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Zhongyuan

[Chung-yuan], Literally the Central Plain, an area of North China, comprising the river basins and alluvial plains of the Wei River (central Shaanxi province) and the Yellow River east of its confluence with the Wei (southern Shanxi, northern Henan, southern Hebei, and western Shandong). Capitals...

Zhongshan

[Chung-shan]. SeePiNGSHAN.

Zhongshan

archaeologsOthers

Zhong

[chung]. See bells (China).

Zhong

archaeologsOthers

Zhob

A valley in northern Baluchistan, Pakistan, with a number of sites of the 4th and 3rd millennia bc, of which the best known are Periano Ghundai and Moghul Ghundai. The so-called ‘Zhob cult’ phase of the 3rd millennium bc is characterized by goggle-eyed hooded female figurines of a type labelled ‘...

EnglishAncient Cities, Place Names

Zhi

[chih]. See ritual vessels (China).

Zhi

archaeologsOthers

Zhengzhou

[Cheng-chou]. A modern city south of the Yellow River in Henan province, China. Zhengzhou is the site of a large Bronze Age city, probably a capital of the Shang dynasty. The major part of the occupation predates the Anyang period and belongs to the Erligang phase (named after a type site near Zh...

Zhanguo

[Chan-kuo]. The Warring States period, 475-221 bc. See Zhou.

Zhanguo

archaeologsOthers

Zhangjiapo

[Chang-chia-p’o]. A Western Zhou site near the Feng River in Chang an Xian southwest of Xi’an, China. Extensive Western Zhou remains in this area may be connected with the Zhou capitals Feng and Hao (see also Puducun). Early Zhou finds at Zhangjiapo include modest tombs similar in construction to...

Zengbvarkony

Large settlement and cemetery of the Late Neolithic Lengyel culture, located near Pecs in south Trans-danubia, Hungary, and dated to much of the 4th millennium be. Excavated by J. Dombay, the site consists of clusters of graves interspersed with areas of settlement debris. This pattern is consist...

Zengbvarkony

archaeologsOthers

Zenebi Falls

A site on the Gaya River, north of the Jos Plateau, Nigeria, where outwash gravels contain a prepared core industry of ‘Middle Stone Age’ type. A radiocarbon date in the 4th millennium be for wood from the same deposit is probably not an accurate indicator of the age of the stone industry.

EnglishPlace Names

Zenebi Falls

archaeologsPlace Names

Zemi

A deity central to the religion of Arawakan groups in northeastern South America and the Caribbean (e.g. Taino). Represented in both human and animal form, zemis were commonly portrayed on household utensils as well as in loci of worship such as caves or possibly temples built from organic materi...

Zelena Pecina

Cave site of the Neolithic and Copper Age, situated above a side valley of the Neretva River near Mostar, Dalmatia, Yugoslavia. Three occupations are known from A. Benac’s excavations. Level III is an Early Neolithic Impressed Ware occupation with scanty StarCevo pottery imports, associated with ...

Zelena Pecina

archaeologsOthers

Zebbug

A group of five rock-out tombs on the island of Malta. This site has given its name to a phase in the prehistoric sequence of the Maltese Islands, dated to the 4th millennium bc and misleadingly labelled Copper Age, in spite of the absence of any evidence for the use of metal on Malta at this time.

Zayosal

See Jain a.

Zayosal

archaeologsOthers

Zawi Chemi Shanidar

A site of the Karim Shahir culture near the Zab River in northern Iraq, 6 km from the Shanidar cave. This openair site provides important evidence of early stock control, associated with a radiocarbon date of c8640 be. High proportions of immature sheep, especially in the upper levels, were origi...

EnglishPlace Names

Zarzi

A cave in northern Iraq which has given its name to the Zarzian final Upper Palaeolithic culture in which microlithic tools are present.

Zarzi

archaeologsOthers

Zapotec

A Mesoamerican group centred on the highlands of Oaxaca, Mexico, and the culture most clearly associated with Monte Alban. Origins are Unclear but characteristics which are clearly Zapotecan (e.g. Grey ware) have appeared by the beginning of Monte Alban Period II (c200 bc-200 ad) and are fully de...

Zambujal

A heavily fortified settlement site of the Copper Age Vila Nova de SAo Pedro culture on the Portugese coast north of Lisbon. The walls measure up to 17 metres in thickness and have circular towers; in the centre is a circular citadel. Sites of this sort were once thought to represent colonies fro...

Zakro

Minoan palace in eastern Crete. Unlike many of the other Minoan palaces, Zakro did not have a Middle Minoan phase, but was constructed in the Late Minoan period after 1700 bc. The palace was relatively small but had the usual plan, with living quarters, public rooms and storage areas grouped arou...

Zagros

Mountain range of western Iran and eastern Iraq, extending from the Taurus Mountains in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south. The valleys and intermontane plateaux of this range provided the setting for the early development of farming. See Ali Kosh, Tepe Ganj Dareh, Tepe Guran, Jarmo, Tepe...

Yuusu

See Itazuke.

Yuusu

archaeologsOthers

Yunmeng

[Yiin-meng]. A district in central Hubei province, China, about 100 kilometres northwest of Wuhan. This region was part of the Eastern Zhou state of Chu until the Chu capital at Jiangling fell to the Qin state in 278 bc. 12 tombs excavated in 1975 at Yunmeng Shuihudi belong to the period of Qin o...

Yunmeng

archaeologsOthers

Yuezhi

[Yiieh-chih]. An East Iranian tribe of mounted nomads referred to in Chinese sources perhaps as early as the 4th century bc. At that time the Yuezhi evidently inhabited the northern Gansu steppes and the area between the Tianshan and Altai mountains; a few stag-shaped bronze finials unearthed in ...

Yuezhi

archaeologsOthers

Yue

[Yiieh]. An Eastern Zhou state in the lower Yangzi region of China whose rise to power was announced by its conquest of Wu in 473 bc; after its defeat by Chu in c433 bc Yue in turn disappeared from history. In early texts Yue is celebrated for the fine swords of its kings. Of these legendary weap...

Yubetsu Technique

See Shirataki.

Yubetsu Technique

archaeologsOthers

Yuanmou

See Homo erectus.

Yuanjunmiao

[Yüan-chün-miao]. SeeBANPO.

Yuanjunmiao

archaeologsOthers

Yuan

[Yuan]. The Mongol dynasty that ruled China from 1279 to 1368.

Yuan

archaeologsOthers

Younger Dryas

A stadial of the Weichse-lian cold stage. It is dated to between 11,000 and 10,000 bp. It takes its name from a tundra plant called Dryas octopetala, fossil remains of which are common in deposits of the stadial.

York

One of England’s most historic and best-preserved cities. In 625 the Roman city of York became a bishopric and in the following century under Bishop Alcuin was renowned as a centre for learning and theology. The Minster church was founded in 627; most of the building, with its famous stained glas...

Yorgan Tepe

See Nuzi.

Yorgan Tepe

archaeologsOthers

Yongtai

[Yung-t’ai]. A Chinese Tang princess whose tomb, dated 706, was opened in 1960 near Chang’AN [modem Xi’an]. Yongtai’s is the best known of several Tang royal tombs excavated during the last three decades in the neighbourhood of the Tang capital. Ranging in date from 630 to 711, these tombs are no...

Yongtai

archaeologsOthers

Yong

[ywng]. See Bells (China).

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