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Yong

archaeologsOthers

Yoke

(1) The wooden crosspiece fastened over the necks of a pair of oxen or horses and attached to the plough, cart or wagon to be drawn. Remains of yokes are sometimes found in archaeological contexts, for example in Hallstatt graves in eastern Europe. (2) In American archaeology, a U-shaped stone, o...

Yiewsley

Just north of London Heathrow Airport, there are a series of gravel pits at Yiewsley and West Drayton. Numerous lower Palaeolithic tools have been recovered here, often rolled. The sequence — from a possible Clactonian and two stages of Acheulian through an Acheulian with Levallois flaking to the...

Yidu Sufutun

[I-tu Su-fu-t’un]. See SUFUTUN.

Yidu Sufutun

archaeologsOthers

Yenisei

A river of central Siberia. The Yenisei valley has yielded much evidence of prehistoric occupation, including more than 50 Paleolithic sites, with radiocarbon dates ranging from cl9000 to cl 1,000 bc. The largest and richest site is Afontova Gora II, which has produced evidence of a community liv...

Yengema

A cave site in eastern Sierra Leone which provides one of the few stratified sequences of stone industries yet available in that country. Throughout the succession the implements most frequently occurring are crude choppers and flake-scrapers. In a second phase, bifacial hoe-like objects are also...

Yeha

A stone-built temple near Adua in northern Ethiopia which is the best preserved example of Pre-Axumite architecture. Constructed of well-dressed blocks, it is a double-storey building, 25 metres in length, with tiny windows. It was decorated with sculptures in a typical south Arabian-derived styl...

Yeavering

With Cheddar, Yeavering in Northumberland is one of the two sites in Britain most convincingly identified as Anglo-Saxon palaces, and fortunately both have been competently excavated. Despite difficult soil conditions at Yeavering, the archaeologists were able to distinguish a series of construct...

Yayo

A site 160 km northwest of Koro Toro in Chad, north-central Africa. A skull of early date was found here in 1961, but no stone tools were associated. It may belong to the species Australopithecus africanas or ‘H. habilis’, but was originally named Tchadanthropus uxoris.

Yayo

archaeologsOthers

Yayoi

(1) A type of pottery named after a place in Tokyo where it was first identified in 1884; (2) an archaeological culture characterized by this pottery; (3) a period (approximately 300 bc — ad 300) when this culture predominated. In Japanese archaeology, the Yayoi period follows Jomon and precedes ...

EnglishAncient Pottery, Cultures

Yaxchillan

A Classic Maya centre located on the Usumacinta River in Chiapas, Mexico. Though there are a number of structures including palaces with ornamented stucco roof-combs and mansard roofing (see Talenque), temple-PYRAMiDS and two ball courts, the site is best known for its more than 125 carved lintel...

Yaxchillan

archaeologsOthers

Yâvadvipa

Earliest name of the island of Java, and possibly also of that of Sumatra, mentioned in the Indian epic Râmâyana.

Yâvadvipa

archaeologsOthers

Yasumiba

A late Palaeolithic site in Shizuoka prefecture on Honshu, Japan. Over four hundred microblades made from conical cores were recovered during the 1964 excavation. Carbon from one of the two hearths indicated that the site was occupied about 14,300 years ago.

Yassi Ada

Underwater excavations off the Turkish coast near Bodrum have found many wrecks, the most important being a byzantine wreck of the 6th century. The 30-metre vessel was comparatively well preserved and traces of the galley-end and of the cargo holds were found. Amphorae from the excavations have i...

Yasodharapura

The first city in the area of Angkor (at present in its southwestern part), Cambodia, founded by king Yasovarman shortly after his accession to power in 889. For a long time its name was synonymous with the Khmer kingdom itself.

Yasodharapura

archaeologsOthers

Yarmouth

A group of Quaternary interglacial deposits in north America (see Table 7, page 420). The Yarmouth stage is mainly represented by palaeosols, overlying Kansan tills and buried by Illinoian silts. These soils appear to represent one interglacial, but are not dated satisfactorily.

Yarinacocha

See Tutishcainyo.

Yarinacocha

archaeologsOthers

Yarim Tepe 2

Two tell sites — labelled Yarim Tepe I and II respectively — 80 km west of Mosul in northern Iraq. Yarim Tepe I is the earlier of the two, with 13 levels of the Has- sun a culture of the 6th millennium be. Among the most interesting discoveries is evidence of metallurgy, including the smelting of...

Yarim Tepe 1

A tell site near the Caspian Sea in northern Iran. The earliest levels have a Neolithic settlement of the Turkmenian Djei-tun culture. Subsequently the site was abandoned and reoccupied in the later 4th millennium bc. It was abandoned again, possibly after a destruction, in the early 2nd millenni...

EnglishPlace Names

Yap

An island at the western end of the Caroline chain in Micronesia, famous ethnographically for its large wheel-shaped discs of stone money, quarried in the Palau Islands and taken to Yap by canoe, and also for its position at the head of a chain of trade and tribute extending for 1100 km eastwards...

Yaokeng

[yao-k’eng]. See shaft tombs (China).

Yaokeng

archaeologsOthers

Yao

[yao]. The Chinese word for ‘kiln’, commonly used to designate the product of a particular kiln, hence any ceramic ware (e.g. Yue yao).

Yao

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Yan Xiadu

[Yen-hsia-tu]. See Yan.

Yan Xiadu

archaeologsOthers

Yanik Tepe

A tell site near Tabriz in the province of Azerbaijan in northwest Iran. It is one of the earliest permanent settlement sites in the area, dated to the mid-6th millennium be. Nine phases of occupation of this early period were recognized, characterized by rectangular mud-brick houses with plaster...

EnglishPlace Names

Yangshao

[Yang-shao]. A site in Mianchi Xian, western Henan province, China, that has given its name to one of the two broad divisions of the Chinese Neolithic, also called the Painted Pottery Neolithic (the other is the Longshan or Black Pottery Neolithic). The Yangshao site itself is an unimportant repr...

Yangshao

archaeologsOthers

Yandunshan

[Yen-tun-shan]. SeeDANTU.

Yandunshan

archaeologsOthers

Yan

[Yen]. The name of a fief established early in the Western Zhou dynasty of China in the vicinity of Beijing and of the independent state that succeeded it in the Eastern Zhou period. A cemetery site at Beijing and isolated finds of bronze ritual vessels farther north in Kezuo Xian, Liaoning provi...

Yamato

(1) The name of an old province located in the present Nara prefecture, Japan. (2) The historians’ name for the ruling lineage, from which the present Imperial family claims its ancestry, and which developed in the Yamato area. (3) An archaic expression for the Japanese and things Japanese. The o...

Yala Alego

Site in southwestern Kenya, north of the Winam Gulf of northeastern Lake Victoria, where Early Iron Age Urewe ware is dated to the first half of the 1st millennium ad and associated with evidence for the working of iron.

Yala Alego

archaeologsOthers

Yahya

Tell site in the province of Kerman in southeast Iran. It was occupied from the 5th millennium bc to the 3rd, with some later occupation up to the Sassanian period. In the late 4th and early 3rd millennium bc it was an important trading centre. The main commodity traded was locally quarried steat...

EnglishPlace Names

Yahya

archaeologsPlace Names

Yagul

See Mitla.

Yagul

archaeologsOthers

Xun Xian

[Hsiin-hsien]. SeeXiNCUN.

Xun Xian

archaeologsOthers

Xolod

See Quetzalcoatl. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry [XRF]. A technique of chemical analysis. Principle. An artefact (or sample, if the artefact is too large to fit inside the chamber of the machine) is irradiated with X-rays. Resultant changes within the atoms of the material cause secondary X-rays...

Xolod

archaeologsOthers

Xochicalco

One of the earliest fortified sites of the Early Post-Classic and a likely beneficiary of the collapse of Teotihuacan (see also Cholula). Located on one of a string of hills in southern Morelos, Mexico, the site is positioned to control access to the Balsas River drainage. A strong Teotihuacan in...

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