Achaeans

Ein antikes griechisches Volk, das von Homer beschrieben wird und das auf dem Festland und den westlichen Inseln Griechenlands, Kreta, Rhodos und anderen Inseln außer den Kykladen lebte. Dies stimmt genau mit den Mykenern des 14.-13. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. überein. Sie wurden auch mit de...

archaeologsGermanNations

Achaeans

Homeros'ta anlatılan, Yunanistan'ın anakarasında ve batı adalarında, Girit'te, Rodos'ta ve Kiklad Adaları hariç diğer adalarda yaşayan eski bir Yunan halkı. Bu, MÖ 14.-13. yüzyıllardaki Mikenlerle tam olarak örtüşmektedir. Ayrıca, Hititler tarafından batı komşusu olarak...

archaeologsTurkishNations

Israelites

Demir Çağının başlangıcında, yaklaşık MÖ 1200 yılında Levant'ta ortaya çıkan göçebe kökenli bir Sami halkı dalı. Bu ortaya çıkış, kent yaşamının yerini dağlık bölgelerde dağılmış küçük köylerle değiştiren bir yerleşim değişikliği ile belirlenir. Musa figürü ve Mısır çıkışı gibi anlatılar, daha ço...

archaeologsTurkishNations

Tartessos

Guadalquivir Vadisi'nin ağzında yer alan erken ticaret krallığı, antik yazarlar tarafından altın, gümüş, kalay ve kurşun kaynağı olarak tanımlanan yarı efsanevi bir şehre ev sahipliği yapıyordu. Bu yer, aslında Tartessos olarak bilinen Geç Bronz Çağı topluluğuna aitti ve Río Tinto madenleri de da...

archaeologsTurkishCultures, Nations, Place Names

Peoples of the Sea

Bronz Çağı'nın sonlarına doğru Anadolu'nun doğusunu, Suriye'yi, Filistin'i, Kıbrıs'ı ve Mısır'ı istila eden saldırgan denizcilerin herhangi bir grubu. Bu istilacılar, Hitit İmparatorluğu dahil olmak üzere birçok yerin yıkılmasından sorumlu tutulurlar. Bu istilaların neden olduğ...

archaeologsTurkishNations

Kassites

MÖ 1595 civarında Hitit akını sonrası Babil'i işgal eden ve farklı bir kültür ve dil sahibi olan Orta Zagros dağlarındaki bir halk. İşgal, MÖ 1157 civarında Asur ve Elam tarafından şehrin fethi ile sona erdi. Kassitler, muhtemelen Hint-Aryan aristokrasisi olan yöneticiler...

archaeologsTurkishNations, Cultures

Amorites

"Batı" anlamına gelen bir Akadca kelime olan "Amor" terimi, Mezopotamya'nın batısındaki bölgede yaşayan bir grup göçebe kabileyi ifade etmektedir. Yazıtlar, onları M.Ö. 3. binyılın sonlarında Ur III Hanedanı'nın çöküşüyle ilişkilendirmekte, ancak diğer metinler onların Babil halkıyla barış içinde...

archaeologsTurkishNations, Cultures

Achaeans

Les Achéens étaient une population grecque qui vivait dans le Péloponnèse à l'âge du bronze. Ils sont connus pour leur rôle dans la guerre de Troie, décrite par Homère dans l'Iliade et l'Odyssée. Les Achéens étaient...

archaeologsFrenchNations

Habiru

Adı yabancılar anlamına gelen, büyük ölçüde Sami kökenli bir göçebe halk. Bu isim, göçebe kaçaklar, haydutlar ve aşağı statüdeki işçiler için kullanılmıştır. Kelime etimolojik olarak İbranice  Habiru'yu da içeren Hyksos halkıyla ile ilişkilidir.

archaeologsTurkishNations

Saxon

Romalılar gittikten sonra MS 5. yüzyılda güney ve doğu İngiltere'de yer alan, topluca Anglo-Saksonlar olarak bilinen Germen halklarından biri.

archaeologsTurkishNations

Aryan

MÖ 2. binyılda kuzeybatıdan gelerek İran ve Hindistan'ı işgal eden ve sonraki yüzyıllarda doğuya ve güneye yayılan Rigveda halkı. Dilleri, bir Hint-Avrupa dili olan Sanskritçe'nin erken bir biçimidir. MÖ 500'lere gelindiğinde, Aryan dili muhtemelen Hint-Aryan dillerinin şu anda konuşulduğu bölgen...

archaeologsTurkishNations

Urartu

A kingdom that flourished in the early 1st millennium bc in the region of Armenia (i.e. eastern Turkey and adjacent areas of Iran and the USSR). Its centre was in the Lake Van region. The name Urartu first appears in documentary sources in the 13th century bc and the kingdom was in existence by c...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Sumer

The earliest civilization in the world, which arose in southern Mesopotamia in the 4th millennium bc. The name is taken from inscriptions, where it appears in the title "King of Sumer and Agade’; it was applied first to the language found on the earliest clay tablets and later to the whole civili...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Sea Peoples

See Peoples of the Sea.

archaeologsEnglishNations

Sabaean

One of the most important kingdoms of southern Arabia in the 1st millennium BC, contemporary with the Minaeans, Qatabaneans and Hadramis. The Sabaean capital was at Marib.

archaeologsEnglishNations

Luwians

[Luvians]. An Indo-Europeanspeaking group in Anatolia, known mainly from references in Hittite records, from the Hittite Old Kingdom onwards. They appearto have migrated into Anatolia, perhaps from the Pontic steppes in southern Russia, in the 3rd millennium bc and spread through western Anatolia...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Lombards

Tribe of Germanic descent who conquered northern Italy in the late 6th and early 7th centuries. The region was already weakened by the Gothic wars and was left vulnerable in 565 by the death of the Emperor Justinian, encouraging another phase of invasions. Led by their king Alboin, the Lombards c...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Israelites

Although there exists a wealth of documentary evidence for the Israelites in the Bible, they are difficult to identify in the archaeological record. They appear to have been a Semitic people of nomadic origin and are said to have been led by Moses from Egypt to the Promised Land of Palestine. How...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Hurri

People known from documentary references and some archaeological sites, who originated in the area of Armenia (southeast Turkey, northwest Iran). They are documented from mid-3rd-millennium bc times, but are better known in the 2nd millennium when they settled in northern Mesopotamia and Syria in...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Huns

Of the many ‘barbarian’ tribes who threatened the Roman empire during the 4th and 5th centuries, the Huns are almost the most obscure in archaeological terms, but are remembered in all the literature as being the most fearsome and bloodthirsty. Their origins were not Germanic but Asiatic, their l...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Hittites

A people who established a kingdom in central Turkey in the 2nd millennium BC and later extended it into northern Syria. Their first capital was at Kushara, not yet identified, but it was soon moved to Hattusas, modem Boghazkôy. The Hittites did not originate in Anatolia and are thought to have i...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Hittites

Frisians

A loose-knit collection of tribes who inhabited the North Sea littoral between the Rhine and the Elbe from later Roman times. These communities traditionally lived in nucleated villages constructed on mounds (terps), safe from sudden inundations by the sea. The Frisians stubbornly resisted the an...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Frere

(1740-1807). English antiquary famous for his precocious recognition of the antiquity of man. In 1797 he wrote to the Society of Antiquaries reporting on the discovery of flint implements found in association with bones of extinct animals in a brickearth pit at Hoxne, Suffolk. Frere recognized th...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Frere

Etruscan

An important culture, dominant in west central Italy (approximately the area of present-day Tuscany) from about the 8th to 5th centuries bc, with decisive influence upon its direct successor, Rome. Literary sources give a picture of a loosely structured but powerful confederacy of city-states (su...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Cimmerians

A nomadic people of the south Russian steppes, known to us through the writings of Herodotus and the Assyrian records. In the 8th century bc, under pressure from the Scythians, they moved into Anatolia, while a related group called Thracians moved north-west into Europe. They may have played a pa...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Celt

Term used in a number of different ways. In language studies it refers to a branch of Indoeuropean languages found now only in the far northwest of Europe (Gaelic, Welsh, Cornish and Breton) but once much more widespread. As an ethnic group Celts were described by classical writers such as Herodo...

archaeologsEnglishNations, Ancient Languages

Aymara

The Aymara language, still spoken and once widespread in southern Peru and the Bolivian Highlands, is one of the defining characteristics of numerous polities in and around the Lake Titicaca basin in the Late Intermediate Period. These ‘Aymara Kingdoms’ (the largest being Colla and Lupaqa) were f...

archaeologsEnglishAncient Languages, Nations

Axum

[Aksum]. From at least the 3rd century ad, this city in the highlands of northern Ethiopia, rose to be the centre of an important kingdom. Its antecedents are clearly rooted in the Pre-Axumite culture of the area, but the origins of the city itself remain uncertain. The political history of Axum ...

archaeologsEnglishAncient Cities, Nations

Assur

(1) The old capital of Assyria lies naturally protected on a rock promontory on the bank of the River Tigris in northern Mesopotamia. The earliest levels excavated belong to the first half of the 3rd millennium bc. The remains of a pre-Sargonid temple dedicated to the goddess Ishtar were excavate...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Aryans

A people who called themselves Arya and spoke an Indo-European language, Sanskrit, known from the Rigveda and other early Indian sources. They are thought to have invaded India from the northwest during the 2nd millennium bc and to have spread east and south in the succeeding centuries. By c500 b...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Aryans

Anglo-Saxon

Broad term used to describe the majority of the Germanic peoples who settled in England during the 5th and 6th centuries. The name derives from two specific groups — the Angles of Jutland and the Saxons from northern Germany — who were probably among the migrants. Earlier archaeological work conc...

archaeologsEnglishNations, Cultures, Architectural

Anglo-Saxon

Amorites

An Akkadian word meaning ‘the west’, referring to a group of nomadic tribes in the area west of Mesopotamia. Inscriptions attribute to them the downfall of the Ur III Dynasty in the late 3rd millennium bc, but other texts maintain that they lived peacefully among Babylonians. Economics might orig...

archaeologsEnglishNations, Cultures

Akkadian

(1) Name derived from the city of Akkad, applied to the northern part of Sumer and to the dynasty that was established by Sargon in the mid-3rd millennium bc. Under Sargon and his grandson Naram-Sin this dynasty established an empire that included northern as well as southern Mesopotamia and neig...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Scythians

Scythians (скити, скіфи; skyty, skify). A group of Indo-European tribes that controlled the steppe of Southern Ukraine in the 7th to 3rd centuries BC. According to the most predominant theories, they first appeared there in the late 8th century BC after having been forced out of Central Asia. The...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Scythians

Yaklaşık olarak MÖ 8. yüzyılda tarih sahnesine çıkan ve bu tarihten MS 2. yüzyıla kadar hâkimiyetlerini devam ettiren İskitler, doğuda Çin Seddi'nden batıda Tuna nehrine kadar uzanan geniş bir sahada varlıklarını, biraz önce verilen rakamlardan da anlaşılacağı üzere, yaklaşık olarak 1000 yıl gibi...

archaeologsTurkishNations

Scythians

The Scythians (pronounced ‘SIH-thee-uns’) were a group of ancient tribes of nomadic warriors who originally lived in what is now southern Siberia. Their culture flourished from around 900 BC to around 200 BC, by which time they had extended their influence all over Central Asia – from China to th...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Scythians

Sabaean

One of four major peoples / kingdoms of southern Arabia in the 1st millennium BC, contemporary with the Minaeans, Qatabanians, and Hadramites. The Sabaean capital was at Marib (Ma'rib). The people who called themselves Saba' (biblical Sheba) are both the earliest and the most abundantly attested ...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Sabaean

Aymara

A large South American tribal group occupying the Titicaca plateau (central Andes) in the Late Intermediate Period - and the language spoken by them. The Aymara language is still spoken some parts of Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. The Aymara kingdoms - Canchi Colla Lupaca Collagua Ubina Pacasa Car...

archaeologsEnglishAncient Languages, Nations

Aymara

Sea Peoples

A collective term for various peoples who were on the move in the Aegean, Anatolia, and Levant in the 13th and 12th centuries BC. They were responsible for widespread destruction of settlements in these areas, particularly Ugarit and Alalakh and, more remotely, with the fall of Mycenaean Greece a...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Sea Peoples

Hurri

A people who appeared in northern Mesopotamia and Syria at the end of the 3rd millennium BC and by c 1600 BC had established a number of kingdoms in the area. They may have come from the Caucasus or Armenia and some evidence suggests a connection with the Kura-Araxes culture. They had a pantheon,...

archaeologsEnglishNations

Hurri

Nahua

The tribal population of Central Mexico, originating from the north. The last and best-known were the Aztecs. The language of the Aztecs, Nahua, is spoken by all the Nahua peoples in a variety of dialects.

archaeologsEnglishAncient Languages, Nations