Archaeologs - Archaeologs

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Murus Gallicus

Type of rampart used in Europe during the La Tène Iron Age; it was given this name by Caesar, when describing the oppidum of Avaricum. The ramparts were made of earth and stone with horizontal timber lacing, held together with iron nails. This type of construction used large quantities of timber ...

EnglishArchitectural

Mureybat

[Mureybet, Mureybit]. A site on the middle Euphrates c80 km east of Aleppo in Syria, occupied from c8500 to 6900 be. The site went through three major occupation phases, beginning with a Natufian village of round huts and expanding to cover some three hectares with both rectangular and round hous...

EnglishPlace Names

Mureybat

archaeologsPlace Names

Munyama Cave

Located on Buvuma Island in Ugandan waters of Lake Victoria, central Africa, the cave contains an early backed microlith industry extending back to cl3,000 be. Small backed bladelets were the most common implements, with end-scrapers and occasional geometrical backed microliths. Backed microliths...

Munsell Colour Chart

One of several systems used to describe colours accurately. A Munsell chart contains a number of pages, each with many coloured chips glued to it. Colour is assessed by matching with these chips, and is described in standard terms. The colour of any material can in fact be described, but the syst...

Munsell Colour Chart

archaeologsOthers

Municipium

A Roman term of political classification. Originally an Italian town or community in the Republican period, which was granted Roman citizenship without the vote. In the 1st century bc all Italian communities gained this status, with a uniform pattern of local government under four magistrates. La...

Munhata

Located on a high terrace of the River Jordan, 15 km south of Lake Kinnereth in Israel, Munhata was occupied in the PPNB phase and has a radiocarbon date of c7200 be. Several different building phases are documented and the architecture is characterized by plastered areas and raised stone platfor...

EnglishPlace Names

Mundigak

Tell site on the Helmand River in southern Afghanistan, occupied in the 4th, 3rd and 2nd millennia bc. In the 3rd millennium bc it was a major urban centre, closely related to the great city of Shahr-I Sokhta, also on the Helmand River, but over the modern border in Iran. Monumental buildings of ...

Mummy Cave

A deeply stratified site located in northwest Wyoming, USA, containing an almost ideal stratigraphy from which a series of radiocarbon dates was taken. 38 distinct cultural levels, each sealed by sterile alluvial deposits, evidence an intermittent occupation from at least 7300 be to ad 1580. Subs...

Multivariate Analysis

A branch of statistics that deals with more than two variables at once. This is important, for example, when comparing series of skull measurements, the results of chemical analysis for a number of elements, or a large number of characteristics recorded about a group of artefacts. In multivariate...

Multivariate Analysis

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Multidimensional Scaling

Technique of multivariate analysis. Points or items distributed in a hyperspace, whose dimensions are a large number of variables, can be similarly distributed in a space of fewer dimensions. To do this, the technique ‘keeps in its mind’s eye’ two distributions: one the original, distributed in h...

Multidimensional Scaling

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Mullerup

The type locality of the Maglemo-sean culture of northern Europe, situated in the Magie Mose (or Great Bog) in Zealand, Denmark. The Maglemosean in one of the Mesolithic cultures characterized by axes and microblades, or small tools and points made on microblades. It belongs to the early postglac...

Müller

(1846-1934). Danish prehistorian who succeeded Thomsen as Director of the Danish National Museum in 1865. A contemporary of Montelius, he worked in the same tradition, building up detailed typological sequences and cross dating them by reference to the historical calendars of the Near Eastern civ...

Müller

archaeologsOthers

Mudejar

A term used to describe the unique style of art and architecture, part Gothic, part Islamic, which developed in the Iberian peninsula during the Moorish occupation of the 12th-15th centuries. Many of the greatest Mudejar buildings were constructed by Moorish workmen for Christian masters, and wer...

Mucking

The combined settlement and cemetery of Mucking in Essex is one of the largest and most extensively excavated Early Saxon sites in England. Mucking is situated on the high gravel terraces of the Thames estuary, and attention was first drawn to it through a remarkable series of crop marks spotted ...

Mu’A

The main ceremonial and residential centre of the ruling dynasties of Tongatapu, Tonga, held by tradition to have been in use from the 11th century ad. The site, never excavated, has a core area of 400 by 500 metres defended by an earthwork, and contains numerous house platforms and tombs (LANGI).

Mu’A

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Mshatta

Although never finished, Mshatta in Jordan is among the most famous early Islamic palaces. It consists of a square enclosure, 147 metres across, with a single gate in the south side. The interior was divided into three parallel strips running from north to south. The lateral strips were never bui...

Mousterian Industries Of North Africa

The earliest post-ACHEULiAN industries in much of North Africa are those designated Mousterian. In many areas the Acheulian appears to have been brought to an end by a period of exceptional aridity when much of North Africa, away from such favoured places as Morocco and south-eastern Libya, was l...

Mousterian Industries Of North Africa

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Mousterian

The term Mousterian, based on the site of Le Moustier in the Dordogne, southwest France, was originally applied to the epoch-making middle division of the Palaeolithic. Later it came to be regarded as a culture or group of cultures, but it is now used in many quarters in its old sense, referring ...

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