Surveying

A means of examining the surface of an archaeological site for the purpose of recording before and during excavation and for creating a preliminary analysis. This method does not destroy remains but enables study through observation and analysis. Surveying often uses geophysical methods, including measurements of variations in earth's magnetism. Surveying makes it possible to conduct a rapid study of fairly extensive areas. Increasing use is now being made of electronic surveying equipment and photogrammetry for surveying sites. The term "survey" also refers to the three-dimensional plotting of a site and its features and artifacts.

Accurate surveying is essential for recording archaeological sites, before and during excavation. At most excavations, horizontal dimensions are measured with tapes, from a ‘grid’ of known points around the site. Height differences are usually measured using a level and staff. These dimensions may then be used to plot features of the site as plans and sections. Increasing use is now being made of electronic surveying equipment and photogrammetry for surveying sites. See also theodolite,