Architectural

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Sacsahuaman An immense fortified complex, built as an adjunct to the Incan capital at Cuzco, and begun some time after 1438. Thought to have functioned as a storage centre and military garrison in peacetime, it was used as a safe haven for Cuzco residents in times of danger. Its north-facing limestone walls ...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Sacsahuaman Added by archaeologs | Architectural

Qin Shi Huangdi [Ch’in Shih Huang-ti]. Ruler of the Qin state of China (from 246 bc) and first emperor (r. 221-210 bc) of the Qin dynasty. Qin Shi Huangdi completed the unification of China begun by earlier rulers of Qin; he standardized the legal code, weights and measures, currency, and script form throughout ...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Qin Shi Huangdi Added by archaeologs | Architectural

Ostrow Lednicki An island in Lake Lednika which is one of the most important medieval sites in Poland. Excavations began in the mid-19th century and established that the earliest 9th-century settlement lay within natural defences, but that in the early 10th century the site was fortified by a 10-metre high rampa...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural, Helmets

Ostrow Lednicki Added by archaeologs | Architectural, Helmets

Opus Sectile [Latin: ‘sectioned work’]. Technical term used by Vitruvius (Roman architectural writer, c30 bc) of a decorative type of floor or wall surface. In a ‘mosaic’ made up of relatively large segments, geometric, floral and figured designs are made up from specially cut, thin pieces of coloured marble....Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Offa’S Dyke A linear earthwork, 192 km long, built by King Offa of Mercia (r. 757-96) as a frontier between his kingdom and the kingdom of Powys. It consists of a large earthen bank and quarry ditch, and runs almost continuously between Treuddy and Chepstow, close to the border of England and Wales. Archaeol...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Offa’S Dyke Added by archaeologs | Architectural

Odeum [Greek odeion: ‘music-hall’]. The term perhaps originates with the Odeion built by Pericles at Athens in the 5th century bc and intended for musical and artistic performances of some kind. This seems to have been a large rectangular building, with a forest of internal columns, and capped by a pyr...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Oc-Èo A site in southern Vietnam, near the border with Cambodia, thought to have been the main port of the kingdom of Fun an, built on a Neolithic site. Excavated in the 1940s, it yielded, in addition to objects of local production, a large amount of traded goods not only from India and China, but also...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Oc-Èo Added by archaeologs | Architectural

Nymphaeum [Greek nymphaiorv. ‘sanctuary of the Nymphs’]. An inexact term, used of a Roman pavilion or pleasure-house, which could vaguely be characterized as having fountains, statues and flowers; often a fountain with a rich architectural surround.Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

New Grange One of the largest and most splendidly decorated passage graves of the Boyne area of Ireland, c40 km north of Dublin. The mound has a diameter of 80-85 metres and is cl 1 metres high; it is surrounded by a kerb and an outer freestanding circle of stones, originally 35 in number, of which only 12 ...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

New Grange Added by archaeologs | Architectural

Nakada [NagadaJ. See Pre-Dynastic Egypt.Added by archaeologs | English|Place Names, Architectural

Nakada A settlement site in the western suburbs of Tokyo, Japan, best known for the 79 pit houses of the Kofun Period. A change in heating and cooking methods was introduced in the middle of the Kofun Period, from a central hearth on the floor to a clay stove built against the wall. Various, but not num...Added by archaeologs | English|Place Names, Architectural

Nakada Added by archaeologs | Place Names, Architectural

Monte Alban Located in the central Southern Highlands of Mexico, overlooking the valley of Oaxaca, this Zapotec capital is an immense complex of monumental construction. At the heart of the site is a huge plaza (300 by 200 metres) dominated by three central mounds. It is flanked on the east and west by templ...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Monte Alban Added by archaeologs | Architectural

Mississippi Tradition The last major cultural tradition in prehistoric North America, the core area of which was the central Mississippi Valley. At its maximum extent it covered most of the southeastern USA and had outposts as far north as Aztalan in Wisconsin. Although there is considerable internal variability, its ...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Mississippi Tradition Added by archaeologs | Architectural

Metallurgy (Japan) Metal tools are first reliably documented in Japan as continental imports about the same time as wet-rice cultivation was established in northern Kyushu around 300 bc. By the middle of the Yayoi period, in the 1st century ad, bronze bells and weapons that were much larger than their continental p...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Metallurgy (Japan) Added by archaeologs | Architectural

Megaron A building consisting usually of three rooms: a large hall, usually with a central hearth, entered by way of a smaller vestibule, which is itself preceded by a porch. Buildings of this sort formed the central structures of Mycenaean palaces, but there are predecessors of generally similar form in...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Mansio Kind of Roman lodging-house. Communications throughout the Roman Empire were maintained by the provision along main roads of places to change horses (mutationes) and to stay overnight {mansiones). The mansio can be archaeologically difficult to identify, but is frequently sited near the town gate...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Maltese Temples The tiny islands of Malta and Gozo in the central Mediterranean south of Sicily provided the setting for the development of an impressive prehistoric architectural tradition of stone temple-building. Between <4000 and 2500 bc the inhabitants of the islands constructed at least 12 major temple com...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Maltese Temples Added by archaeologs | Architectural

Lubna The type site for a regional group of the earlier Bronze Age Trzciniec culture, the Lubna group is distributed in central Poland in the early 2nd millennium be. Stratified settlement sites are rare, with many sites constructed in sandy areas. One of the best-preserved cemeteries is the type site,...Added by archaeologs | English|Place Names, Architectural

Lubna Added by archaeologs | Place Names, Architectural

Loro Jonggrang Monument of the Pram-banan group in the region of Yogyakarta in central Java, Indonesia, built c913 by king Daksha as the funerary temple of his predecessor, king Balitung. The largest monument of the group, it is particularly known for its lively Brahmanic relief scenes.Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Loro Jonggrang Added by archaeologs | Architectural

L’Anse Aux Meadows A site on Epaves Bay, Newfoundland, Canada, containing evidence of a Viking settlement during pre-Columbian times. Material which is anomalous to the cultural setting of the time, such as remains of turf-built houses (which have cognates in Greenland and Iceland), iron rivets, slag, a ring-headed...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

L’Anse Aux Meadows Added by archaeologs | Architectural

Iron And Steel (China) The earliest iron artefacts known from China are a few blades forged from meteoritic iron (see Beijing, Gaocheng, Xincun). Iron does not seem to have been smelted until about the 6th century bc, at which time wrought iron and cast iron appear more or less simultaneously. The iron artefacts of thi...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Iron And Steel (China) Added by archaeologs | Architectural

Ionic (1) One of the principal regional dialects of ancient Greece, closely related to Attic, and characteristic of the so-called ‘Ionian’ cities of Asia Minor. (2) In classical architecture, the Ionic order, which emerged after Doric (perhaps from about 570 bc) in the context of Aegean and eastern Gre...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Ionic Added by archaeologs | Architectural

Inchtuthil An unfinished Roman fort in Tay, eastern Scotland, built by Agricola during his Scottish campaigns of the early 80s ad. Started about 83, the fort covered some 20 hectares, and was constructed largely of earth and timber. Its buildings include 64 barracks; a commandant’s house, officers’ quarters...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Inchtuthil Added by archaeologs | Architectural

Île Longue An Early Neolithic passage grave in the Locmariaquer area of southern Brittany, situated on a small island in the Gulf of Morbihan. The tomb, built of stone orthostats with a corbelled vault, is a good example of a classic passage grave.Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Île Longue Added by archaeologs | Architectural

Île Carn An Early Neolithic grave in Brittany, built of dry stone walling with a corbelled vault to the chamber. Inside were only a few sherds and flint flakes. There is a radiocarbon date of c3270 be (c4100 bc).Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Île Carn Added by archaeologs | Architectural

Hull City on the Humber estuary, northeast England. A 12th-century settlement called Wyc de Mitune is known to have existed somewhere close to modem Hull, but the centre of commerce seems to have changed from the mid- to late 13th century onwards, when High Street became the core of the new town. Exca...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Hull Added by archaeologs | Architectural

Huaca Del Sol See Moche. Huaca Prieta. A village site located in the Chicama valley of north-coast Peru with evidence of an early sedentary way of life. Excavated by Junius Bird and dating to the Pre-ceramic Period VI, it has an initial radiocarbon date of c2300 be. Built on an artificial hill of refuse and ot...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Huaca Del Sol Added by archaeologs | Architectural

Heuneburg Hillfort of the Hallstatt Iron Age, overlooking the River Danube in Württemberg, southern Germany. The site has five main building phases, the most remarkable of which was the second, when the traditional timber-framed construction was replaced by a Greek type of construction, with a bastioned wa...Added by archaeologs | English|Architectural

Heuneburg Added by archaeologs | Architectural

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